Website builders are tools that typically allow the construction of websites without manual code editing. They fall into two categories:

• online proprietary tools provided by web hosting companies. These are typically intended for users to build their private site. Some companies allow the site owner to install alternative tools (commercial or open source) - the more complex of these may also be described as Content Management Systems;
• offline software which runs on a computer, creating pages and which can then publish these pages on any host. (These are often considered to be "website design software" rather than "website builders".)

History

The first websites were created in the early 1990s. These sites were manually written in HTML.

Over time, software was created to help design web pages and by 1998 Dreamweaver had been established as the industry leader; however, some have criticized the quality of the code produced by such software as being overblown and reliant on tables. As the industry moved towards W3C standards, Dreamweaver and others were criticized for not being compliant. Compliance has improved over time, but many professionals still prefer to write optimized markup by hand.

Open source tools were typically developed to the standards, and made fewer exceptions for the then dominant Internet Explorer's deviations from the standards. The W3C started Amaya in 1996 to showcase Web technologies in a fully featured Web client. This was to provide a framework that integrated lots of W3C technologies in a single, consistent environment. Amaya started as an HTML and CSS editor and now supports XML, XHTML, MathML, and SVG.

Geocities was one of the first more modern website builders that didn't require any technical skills. Five years after its launch in 1994 Yahoo! purchased it for $3.6 billion. After becoming technically outdated it was shut down in April 2009.

Online vs. offline

Online website builders typically require customers to sign up with the web hosting company. Some companies provide examples of fully functional websites made with their website builder. The range of services varies anywhere between creating basic personal web pages or social network content to making complete business and e-commerce websites, either template based or, on the more flexible platforms, totally design free.

The main advantage of an online website builder is that it is quick and easy to use, and often does not require prior experience. Often, a website can be built and be up and running live on the Internet quickly. Technical support is usually provided, as are how-to video and help files. Though there are many general websites builders you can easily find an online website builder created especially for a specific niche (dating, medical etc.) with features needed for this niche.

Sites are generally created using either HTML or Adobe Flash. Flash is a proprietary format which became a de facto standard format, once supported by all major browsers. However it has a diminishing popularity, since having been superseded by web standards (HTML5) and is no longer supported by major mobile operating systems iOS (Apple) and Android (Google). Flash is more resource intensive than HTML.

HTML tools are divided into those that allow editing of the source code and those that only have a WYSIWYG mode.

Offline web builders cater to professional web designers who need to create pages for more than one client or web host. Modern offline web builders are usually both WYSIWYG and allow direct editing of source code and cascading style sheets (CSS) styling. They generally require at least a basic understanding of HTML and CSS. However, though they are more flexible than online builders, they are often expensive. However, some open source website builders may be downloaded free of charge or by "freemium" license model.

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E (named e /ˈiː/, plural ees) is the fifth letter and the second vowel in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It is the most commonly used letter in many languages, including Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Latin, Latvian, Norwegian, Spanish, and Swedish.

History

The Latin letter 'E' differs little from its source, the Greek letter epsilon, 'Ε'. This in turn comes from the Semitic letter hê, which has been suggested to have started as a praying or calling human figure (hillul 'jubilation'), and was probably based on a similar Egyptian hieroglyph that indicated a different pronunciation. In Semitic, the letter represented /h/ (and /e/ in foreign words); in Greek, hê became the letter epsilon, used to represent /e/. The various forms of the Old Italic script and the Latin alphabet followed this usage.

Use in writing systems

English

Although Middle English spelling used ⟨e⟩ to represent long and short /e/, the Great Vowel Shift changed long /eː/ (as in 'me' or 'bee') to /iː/ while short /e/ (as in 'met' or 'bed') remained a mid vowel. In other cases, the letter is silent, generally at the end of words.

Other languages

In the orthography of many languages it represents either these or /É›/, or some variation (such as a nasalized version) of these sounds, often with diacritics (as: ⟨e ê é è ë Ä" Ä• Ä› ẽ Ä— ẹ Ä™ ẻ⟩) to indicate contrasts. Less commonly, as in French, German, or Saanich, ⟨e⟩ represents a mid-central vowel /É™/. Digraphs with ⟨e⟩ are common to indicate either diphthongs or monophthongs, such as ⟨ea⟩ or ⟨ee⟩ for /iː/ or /eɪ/ in English, ⟨ei⟩ for /aɪ/ in German, and ⟨eu⟩ for /ø/ in French or /É"ɪ/ in German.

Other systems

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses ⟨e⟩ for the close-mid front unrounded vowel or the mid front unrounded vowel.

Most common letter

'E' is the most common (or highest-frequency) letter in the English alphabet (starting off the typographer's phrase ETAOIN SHRDLU) and several other European languages, which has implications in both cryptography and data compression. In the story The Gold Bug by Edgar Allan Poe, a character figures out a random character code by remembering that the most used letter in English is E. This makes it a hard and popular letter to use when writing lipograms. Ernest Vincent Wright's Gadsby (1939) is considered a "dreadful" novel, and supposedly "at least part of Wright's narrative issues were caused by language limitations imposed by the lack of E." Both Georges Perec's novel A Void (La Disparition) (1969) and its English translation by Gilbert Adair omit 'e' and are considered better works.

Related characters

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

• E with diacritics: Ä" Ä• Ḝ ḝ Ȇ ȇ Ê ê Ê̄ ê̄ Ê̌ ê̌ Ề ề Ế ế Ể ể Ễ á»… Ệ ệ Ẻ ẻ Ḙ ḙ Äš Ä› Ɇ ɇ Ä– Ä— Ė́ ė́ Ė̃ ė̃ Ẹ ẹ Ë ë È è È̩ è̩ È„ È… É é É̩ é̩ Ä' Ä" á¸" ḕ Ḗ ḗ Ẽ ẽ Ḛ ḛ Ę Ä™ Ę́ ę́ Ę̃ ę̃ Ȩ È© EÌ© eÌ© ꬳ á¶' ꬴ ⱸ
• Æ æ : Latin AE ligature
• Å' Å" : Latin OE ligature
• The umlaut diacritic ¨ used above a vowel letter in German and other languages to indicate a fronted or front vowel (this sign originated as a superscript e)
• Phonetic alphabet symbols related to E (the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, but uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems):
  • Ɛ ɛ : Latin letter epsilon, which represents an open-mid front unrounded vowel in the IPA
  • ɜ : Latin letter reversed epsilon, which represents an open-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA
  • Ə ə : Latin letter schwa, which represents a mid central vowel in the IPA
  • ÆŽ ǝ : Latin letter turned e, which is used in the writing systems of some African languages
  • ɘ : Latin letter reversed e, which represents a close-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

• 𐤄 : Semitic letter He (letter), from which the following symbols originally derive
  • Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon, from which the following symbols originally derive
    • Е е : Cyrillic letter Ye
    • Є Ñ" : Ukrainian Ye
    • Э э : Cyrillic letter E
    • Ⲉ ⲉ : Coptic letter Ei
    • 𐌄 : Old Italic E, which is the ancestor of modern Latin E
      • ᛖ : Runic letter Ehwaz, which is possibly a descendent of Old Italic E
    • 𐌴 : Gothic letter eyz

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

• € : Euro sign.
• ℮ : Estimated sign (used on prepackaged goods for sale within the European Union).
• ∃ : existential quantifier in predicate logic.
• ∈ : the symbol for set membership in set theory.
• ℯ : the base of the natural logarithm.
• ℇ : the Eulerâ€"Mascheroni constant.

Computing codes

¹ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

In British Sign Language (BSL), the letter 'e' is signed by extending the index finger of the right hand touching the tip of index on the left hand, with all fingers of left hand open.

References

External links

• Media related to E at Wikimedia Commons
• The dictionary definition of E at Wiktionary
• The dictionary definition of e at Wiktionary

Learn more »

A business analyst is someone who analyzes an organization or business domain (real or hypothetical) and documents its business or processes or systems, assessing the business model or its integration with technology.

The International Institute of Business Analysis (IIBA) describes the role as "a liaison among stakeholders in order to understand the structure, policies, and operations of an organization, and to recommend solutions that enable the organization to achieve its goals."

The role of a systems analyst can also be defined as a bridge between the business problems and the technology solutions. Here business problems can be anything about business systems, for example the model, process, or method. The technology solutions can be the use of technology architecture, tools, or software application. So System Analysts are required to analyze, transform and ultimately resolve the business problems with the help of technology.

Areas of business analysis

There are at least four types of business analysis:

1. Strategic planning â€" to identify the organization's business needs
2. Business model analysis â€" to define the organization's policies and market approaches
3. Process design â€" to standardize the organization’s workflows
4. Systems analysis â€" the interpretation of business rules and requirements for technical systems (generally within IT)

The Business Analyst, sometimes, is someone who is a part of the business operation and works with Information Technology to improve the quality of the services being delivered, sometimes assisting in Integration and Testing of new solutions.

The BA may also support the development of training material, participates in the implementation, and provides post-implementation support. This may involve the development of project plans and often requires project management skills.

Typical deliverables

1. Business requirements, i.e. business plan, key performance indicator, project plan...
2. Functional requirements, i.e. logical data models, use case scenarios, work instructions, reports...
3. Non-functional requirements
4. As-is processes, e.g. dataflow diagrams, flowcharts
5. To-be processes, e.g. dataflow diagrams, flowcharts
6. Data models, i.e. data requirements expressed as a documented data model of some sort
7. Business case, a strategic plan containing shareholders' risk and return

The BA records requirements in some form of requirements management tool, whether a simple spreadsheet or a complex application. Within the systems development life cycle, the business analyst typically performs a liaison function between the business side of an enterprise and the providers of IT services.

Industries

BAs work in different industries such as finance, banking, insurance, telecoms, utilities, software services, government and so on. Due to working on projects at a fairly high level of abstraction, BAs can switch between any and all industries.

The business domain subject areas BAs may work in include workflow, billing, mediation, provisioning and customer relationship management. The telecom industry has mapped these funcional areas in their Telecommunications Operational Map (eTOM) model, Banking in the Information Framework (IFW) and Emergency agencies in the Prevention Preparation Response and Recovery model (PPRR).

Finally, Business Analysts do not have a predefined and fixed role, as they can take a shape in operations scaling, sales planning, strategy devising or even in developmental process.

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Web development is a broad term for the work involved in developing a web site for the Internet (World Wide Web) or an intranet (a private network). Web development can range from developing the simplest static single page of plain text to the most complex web-based internet applications, electronic businesses, and social network services. A more comprehensive list of tasks to which web development commonly refers, may include web engineering, web design, web content development, client liaison, client-side/server-side scripting, web server and network security configuration, and e-commerce development. Among web professionals, "web development" usually refers to the main non-design aspects of building web sit es: writing markup and coding. Most recently Web development has come to mean the creation of content management systems or CMS. These CMS can be made from scratch, proprietary or open source. In broad terms the CMS acts as middleware between the database and the user through the browser. A principle benefit of a CMS is that it allows non-technical people to make changes to their web site without having technical knowledge.

For larger organizations and businesses, web development teams can consist of hundreds of people (web developers) and follow standard methods like Agile methodologies while developing websites. Smaller organizations may only require a single permanent or contracting developer, or secondary assignment to related job positions such as a graphic designer and/or information systems technician. Web development may be a collaborative effort between departments rather than the domain of a designated department. There are 3 kind of web developer specialization; Front-End Developer, Back-End Developer, and Full Stack Developer.

Web development as an industry

Since the commercialization of the web, web development has been a growing industry. The growth of this industry is being driven by businesses wishing to use their website to sell products and services to customers.

There is open source software for web development like BerkeleyDB, GlassFish, LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) stack and Perl/Plack. This has kept the cost of learning web development to a minimum. Another contributing factor to the growth of the industry has been the rise of easy-to-use WYSIWYG web-development software, such as Adobe Dreamweaver, BlueGriffon and Microsoft Visual Studio. Knowledge of HyperText Markup Language (HTML) or of programming languages is still required to use such software, but the basics can be learned and implemented quickly with the help of help files, technical books, internet tutorials, or face-to-face training.

An ever growing set of tools and technologies have helped developers build more dynamic and interactive websites. Further, web developers now help to deliver applications as web services which were traditionally only available as applications on a desk-based computer. This has allowed for many opportunities to decentralize information and media distribution. Examples can be seen with the rise of cloud services such as Adobe Creative Cloud, Dropbox and Google Docs. These web services allow users to interact with applications from many locations, instead of being tied to a specific workstation for their application environment.

Examples of dramatic transformation in communication and commerce led by web development include e-commerce. Online auction-sites such as eBay have changed the way consumers find and purchase goods and services. Online retailers such as Amazon.com and Buy.com (among many others) have transformed the shopping and bargain-hunting experience for many consumers. Another good example of transformative communication led by web development is the blog. Web applications such as WordPress and Movable Type have created easily implemented blog-environments for individual web sites. The popularity of open-source content management systems such as Joomla!, Drupal, XOOPS, and TYPO3 and enterprise content management systems such as Alfresco and eXo Platform have extended web development's impact at online interaction and communication.

Web development has also impacted personal networking and marketing. Websites are no longer simply tools for work or for commerce, but serve more broadly for communication and social networking. Websites such as Facebook and Twitter provide users with a platform to communicate and organizations with a more personal and interactive way to engage the public.

Practical web development

Basic

In practice, many web developers will have basic interdisciplinary skills / roles, including:

• Graphic design / web design
• Information architecture and copywriting/copyediting with web usability, accessibility and search engine optimization in mind
• Mobile responsiveness

The above list is a simple website development hierarchy and can be extended to include all client side and server side aspects. It is still important to remember that web development is generally split up into client side coding, covering aspects such as the layout and design, and server side coding, which covers the website's functionality and back-end systems.

Testing

Testing is the process of evaluating a system or its component(s) with the intent to find whether it satisfies the specified requirements or not. Testing is executing a system in order to identify any gaps, errors, or missing requirements in contrary to the actual requirements The extent of testing varies greatly between organizations, developers, and individual sites or applications.

Security considerations

Web development takes into account many security considerations, such as data entry error checking through forms, filtering output, and encryption. Malicious practices such as SQL injection can be executed by users with ill intent yet with only primitive knowledge of web development as a whole. Scripts can be used to exploit websites by granting unauthorized access to malicious users that try to collect information such as email addresses, passwords and protected content like credit card numbers.

Some of this is dependent on the server environment on which the scripting language, such as ASP, JSP, Perl, PHP, Python, Perl or Ruby is running, and therefore is not necessarily down to the web developer themselves to maintain. However, stringent testing of web applications before public release is encouraged to prevent such exploits from occurring. If some contact form is provided in a website it should include a captcha field in it which prevents computer programs from automatically filling forms and also mail spamming.

Keeping a web server safe from intrusion is often called Server Port Hardening. Many technologies come into play to keep information on the internet safe when it is transmitted from one location to another. For instance TLS certificates (or "SSL certificates") are issued by certificate authorities to help prevent internet fraud. Many developers often employ different forms of encryption when transmitting and storing sensitive information. A basic understanding of information technology security concerns is often part of a web developer's knowledge.

Because new security holes are found in web applications even after testing and launch, security patch updates are frequent for widely used applications. It is often the job of web developers to keep applications up to date as security patches are released and new security concerns are discovered.

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E (named e /ˈiː/, plural ees) is the fifth letter and the second vowel in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It is the most commonly used letter in many languages, including Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Latin, Latvian, Norwegian, Spanish, and Swedish.

History

The Latin letter 'E' differs little from its source, the Greek letter epsilon, 'Ε'. This in turn comes from the Semitic letter hê, which has been suggested to have started as a praying or calling human figure (hillul 'jubilation'), and was probably based on a similar Egyptian hieroglyph that indicated a different pronunciation. In Semitic, the letter represented /h/ (and /e/ in foreign words); in Greek, hê became the letter epsilon, used to represent /e/. The various forms of the Old Italic script and the Latin alphabet followed this usage.

Use in writing systems

English

Although Middle English spelling used ⟨e⟩ to represent long and short /e/, the Great Vowel Shift changed long /eː/ (as in 'me' or 'bee') to /iː/ while short /e/ (as in 'met' or 'bed') remained a mid vowel. In other cases, the letter is silent, generally at the end of words.

Other languages

In the orthography of many languages it represents either these or /É›/, or some variation (such as a nasalized version) of these sounds, often with diacritics (as: ⟨e ê é è ë Ä" Ä• Ä› ẽ Ä— ẹ Ä™ ẻ⟩) to indicate contrasts. Less commonly, as in French, German, or Saanich, ⟨e⟩ represents a mid-central vowel /É™/. Digraphs with ⟨e⟩ are common to indicate either diphthongs or monophthongs, such as ⟨ea⟩ or ⟨ee⟩ for /iː/ or /eɪ/ in English, ⟨ei⟩ for /aɪ/ in German, and ⟨eu⟩ for /ø/ in French or /É"ɪ/ in German.

Other systems

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses ⟨e⟩ for the close-mid front unrounded vowel or the mid front unrounded vowel.

Most common letter

'E' is the most common (or highest-frequency) letter in the English alphabet (starting off the typographer's phrase ETAOIN SHRDLU) and several other European languages, which has implications in both cryptography and data compression. In the story The Gold Bug by Edgar Allan Poe, a character figures out a random character code by remembering that the most used letter in English is E. This makes it a hard and popular letter to use when writing lipograms. Ernest Vincent Wright's Gadsby (1939) is considered a "dreadful" novel, and supposedly "at least part of Wright's narrative issues were caused by language limitations imposed by the lack of E." Both Georges Perec's novel A Void (La Disparition) (1969) and its English translation by Gilbert Adair omit 'e' and are considered better works.

Related characters

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

• E with diacritics: Ä" Ä• Ḝ ḝ Ȇ ȇ Ê ê Ê̄ ê̄ Ê̌ ê̌ Ề ề Ế ế Ể ể Ễ á»… Ệ ệ Ẻ ẻ Ḙ ḙ Äš Ä› Ɇ ɇ Ä– Ä— Ė́ ė́ Ė̃ ė̃ Ẹ ẹ Ë ë È è È̩ è̩ È„ È… É é É̩ é̩ Ä' Ä" á¸" ḕ Ḗ ḗ Ẽ ẽ Ḛ ḛ Ę Ä™ Ę́ ę́ Ę̃ ę̃ Ȩ È© EÌ© eÌ© ꬳ á¶' ꬴ ⱸ
• Æ æ : Latin AE ligature
• Å' Å" : Latin OE ligature
• The umlaut diacritic ¨ used above a vowel letter in German and other languages to indicate a fronted or front vowel (this sign originated as a superscript e)
• Phonetic alphabet symbols related to E (the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, but uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems):
  • Ɛ ɛ : Latin letter epsilon, which represents an open-mid front unrounded vowel in the IPA
  • ɜ : Latin letter reversed epsilon, which represents an open-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA
  • Ə ə : Latin letter schwa, which represents a mid central vowel in the IPA
  • ÆŽ ǝ : Latin letter turned e, which is used in the writing systems of some African languages
  • ɘ : Latin letter reversed e, which represents a close-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

• 𐤄 : Semitic letter He (letter), from which the following symbols originally derive
  • Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon, from which the following symbols originally derive
    • Е е : Cyrillic letter Ye
    • Є Ñ" : Ukrainian Ye
    • Э э : Cyrillic letter E
    • Ⲉ ⲉ : Coptic letter Ei
    • 𐌄 : Old Italic E, which is the ancestor of modern Latin E
      • ᛖ : Runic letter Ehwaz, which is possibly a descendent of Old Italic E
    • 𐌴 : Gothic letter eyz

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

• € : Euro sign.
• ℮ : Estimated sign (used on prepackaged goods for sale within the European Union).
• ∃ : existential quantifier in predicate logic.
• ∈ : the symbol for set membership in set theory.
• ℯ : the base of the natural logarithm.
• ℇ : the Eulerâ€"Mascheroni constant.

Computing codes

¹ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

In British Sign Language (BSL), the letter 'e' is signed by extending the index finger of the right hand touching the tip of index on the left hand, with all fingers of left hand open.

References

External links

• Media related to E at Wikimedia Commons
• The dictionary definition of E at Wiktionary
• The dictionary definition of e at Wiktionary

Learn more »

E (named e /ˈiː/, plural ees) is the fifth letter and the second vowel in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It is the most commonly used letter in many languages, including Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Latin, Latvian, Norwegian, Spanish, and Swedish.

History

The Latin letter 'E' differs little from its source, the Greek letter epsilon, 'Ε'. This in turn comes from the Semitic letter hê, which has been suggested to have started as a praying or calling human figure (hillul 'jubilation'), and was probably based on a similar Egyptian hieroglyph that indicated a different pronunciation. In Semitic, the letter represented /h/ (and /e/ in foreign words); in Greek, hê became the letter epsilon, used to represent /e/. The various forms of the Old Italic script and the Latin alphabet followed this usage.

Use in writing systems

English

Although Middle English spelling used ⟨e⟩ to represent long and short /e/, the Great Vowel Shift changed long /eː/ (as in 'me' or 'bee') to /iː/ while short /e/ (as in 'met' or 'bed') remained a mid vowel. In other cases, the letter is silent, generally at the end of words.

Other languages

In the orthography of many languages it represents either these or /É›/, or some variation (such as a nasalized version) of these sounds, often with diacritics (as: ⟨e ê é è ë Ä" Ä• Ä› ẽ Ä— ẹ Ä™ ẻ⟩) to indicate contrasts. Less commonly, as in French, German, or Saanich, ⟨e⟩ represents a mid-central vowel /É™/. Digraphs with ⟨e⟩ are common to indicate either diphthongs or monophthongs, such as ⟨ea⟩ or ⟨ee⟩ for /iː/ or /eɪ/ in English, ⟨ei⟩ for /aɪ/ in German, and ⟨eu⟩ for /ø/ in French or /É"ɪ/ in German.

Other systems

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses ⟨e⟩ for the close-mid front unrounded vowel or the mid front unrounded vowel.

Most common letter

'E' is the most common (or highest-frequency) letter in the English alphabet (starting off the typographer's phrase ETAOIN SHRDLU) and several other European languages, which has implications in both cryptography and data compression. In the story The Gold Bug by Edgar Allan Poe, a character figures out a random character code by remembering that the most used letter in English is E. This makes it a hard and popular letter to use when writing lipograms. Ernest Vincent Wright's Gadsby (1939) is considered a "dreadful" novel, and supposedly "at least part of Wright's narrative issues were caused by language limitations imposed by the lack of E." Both Georges Perec's novel A Void (La Disparition) (1969) and its English translation by Gilbert Adair omit 'e' and are considered better works.

Related characters

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

• E with diacritics: Ä" Ä• Ḝ ḝ Ȇ ȇ Ê ê Ê̄ ê̄ Ê̌ ê̌ Ề ề Ế ế Ể ể Ễ á»… Ệ ệ Ẻ ẻ Ḙ ḙ Äš Ä› Ɇ ɇ Ä– Ä— Ė́ ė́ Ė̃ ė̃ Ẹ ẹ Ë ë È è È̩ è̩ È„ È… É é É̩ é̩ Ä' Ä" á¸" ḕ Ḗ ḗ Ẽ ẽ Ḛ ḛ Ę Ä™ Ę́ ę́ Ę̃ ę̃ Ȩ È© EÌ© eÌ© ꬳ á¶' ꬴ ⱸ
• Æ æ : Latin AE ligature
• Å' Å" : Latin OE ligature
• The umlaut diacritic ¨ used above a vowel letter in German and other languages to indicate a fronted or front vowel (this sign originated as a superscript e)
• Phonetic alphabet symbols related to E (the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, but uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems):
  • Ɛ ɛ : Latin letter epsilon, which represents an open-mid front unrounded vowel in the IPA
  • ɜ : Latin letter reversed epsilon, which represents an open-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA
  • Ə ə : Latin letter schwa, which represents a mid central vowel in the IPA
  • ÆŽ ǝ : Latin letter turned e, which is used in the writing systems of some African languages
  • ɘ : Latin letter reversed e, which represents a close-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

• 𐤄 : Semitic letter He (letter), from which the following symbols originally derive
  • Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon, from which the following symbols originally derive
    • Е е : Cyrillic letter Ye
    • Є Ñ" : Ukrainian Ye
    • Э э : Cyrillic letter E
    • Ⲉ ⲉ : Coptic letter Ei
    • 𐌄 : Old Italic E, which is the ancestor of modern Latin E
      • ᛖ : Runic letter Ehwaz, which is possibly a descendent of Old Italic E
    • 𐌴 : Gothic letter eyz

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

• € : Euro sign.
• ℮ : Estimated sign (used on prepackaged goods for sale within the European Union).
• ∃ : existential quantifier in predicate logic.
• ∈ : the symbol for set membership in set theory.
• ℯ : the base of the natural logarithm.
• ℇ : the Eulerâ€"Mascheroni constant.

Computing codes

¹ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

In British Sign Language (BSL), the letter 'e' is signed by extending the index finger of the right hand touching the tip of index on the left hand, with all fingers of left hand open.

References

External links

• Media related to E at Wikimedia Commons
• The dictionary definition of E at Wiktionary
• The dictionary definition of e at Wiktionary

Learn more »

E (named e /ˈiː/, plural ees) is the fifth letter and the second vowel in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It is the most commonly used letter in many languages, including Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hungarian, Latin, Latvian, Norwegian, Spanish, and Swedish.

History

The Latin letter 'E' differs little from its source, the Greek letter epsilon, 'Ε'. This in turn comes from the Semitic letter hê, which has been suggested to have started as a praying or calling human figure (hillul 'jubilation'), and was probably based on a similar Egyptian hieroglyph that indicated a different pronunciation. In Semitic, the letter represented /h/ (and /e/ in foreign words); in Greek, hê became the letter epsilon, used to represent /e/. The various forms of the Old Italic script and the Latin alphabet followed this usage.

Use in writing systems

English

Although Middle English spelling used ⟨e⟩ to represent long and short /e/, the Great Vowel Shift changed long /eː/ (as in 'me' or 'bee') to /iː/ while short /e/ (as in 'met' or 'bed') remained a mid vowel. In other cases, the letter is silent, generally at the end of words.

Other languages

In the orthography of many languages it represents either these or /É›/, or some variation (such as a nasalized version) of these sounds, often with diacritics (as: ⟨e ê é è ë Ä" Ä• Ä› ẽ Ä— ẹ Ä™ ẻ⟩) to indicate contrasts. Less commonly, as in French, German, or Saanich, ⟨e⟩ represents a mid-central vowel /É™/. Digraphs with ⟨e⟩ are common to indicate either diphthongs or monophthongs, such as ⟨ea⟩ or ⟨ee⟩ for /iː/ or /eɪ/ in English, ⟨ei⟩ for /aɪ/ in German, and ⟨eu⟩ for /ø/ in French or /É"ɪ/ in German.

Other systems

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses ⟨e⟩ for the close-mid front unrounded vowel or the mid front unrounded vowel.

Used in schools as a grading system as "Excellent".

Most common letter

'E' is the most common (or highest-frequency) letter in the English alphabet (starting off the typographer's phrase ETAOIN SHRDLU) and several other European languages, which has implications in both cryptography and data compression. In the story The Gold Bug by Edgar Allan Poe, a character figures out a random character code by remembering that the most used letter in English is E. This makes it a hard and popular letter to use when writing lipograms. Ernest Vincent Wright's Gadsby (1939) is considered a "dreadful" novel, and supposedly "at least part of Wright's narrative issues were caused by language limitations imposed by the lack of E." Both Georges Perec's novel A Void (La Disparition) (1969) and its English translation by Gilbert Adair omit 'e' and are considered better works.

Related characters

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

• E with diacritics: Ä" Ä• Ḝ ḝ Ȇ ȇ Ê ê Ê̄ ê̄ Ê̌ ê̌ Ề ề Ế ế Ể ể Ễ á»… Ệ ệ Ẻ ẻ Ḙ ḙ Äš Ä› Ɇ ɇ Ä– Ä— Ė́ ė́ Ė̃ ė̃ Ẹ ẹ Ë ë È è È̩ è̩ È„ È… É é É̩ é̩ Ä' Ä" á¸" ḕ Ḗ ḗ Ẽ ẽ Ḛ ḛ Ę Ä™ Ę́ ę́ Ę̃ ę̃ Ȩ È© EÌ© eÌ© ꬳ á¶' ꬴ ⱸ
• Æ æ : Latin AE ligature
• Å' Å" : Latin OE ligature
• The umlaut diacritic ¨ used above a vowel letter in German and other languages to indicate a fronted or front vowel (this sign originated as a superscript e)
• Phonetic alphabet symbols related to E (the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, but uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems):
  • Ɛ ɛ : Latin letter epsilon, which represents an open-mid front unrounded vowel in the IPA
  • ɜ : Latin letter reversed epsilon, which represents an open-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA
  • Ə ə : Latin letter schwa, which represents a mid central vowel in the IPA
  • ÆŽ ǝ : Latin letter turned e, which is used in the writing systems of some African languages
  • ɘ : Latin letter reversed e, which represents a close-mid central unrounded vowel in the IPA

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

• 𐤄 : Semitic letter He (letter), from which the following symbols originally derive
  • Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon, from which the following symbols originally derive
    • Е е : Cyrillic letter Ye
    • Є Ñ" : Ukrainian Ye
    • Э э : Cyrillic letter E
    • Ⲉ ⲉ : Coptic letter Ei
    • 𐌄 : Old Italic E, which is the ancestor of modern Latin E
      • ᛖ : Runic letter Ehwaz, which is possibly a descendent of Old Italic E
    • 𐌴 : Gothic letter eyz

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

• € : Euro sign.
• ℮ : Estimated sign (used on prepackaged goods for sale within the European Union).
• ∃ : existential quantifier in predicate logic.
• ∈ : the symbol for set membership in set theory.
• ℯ : the base of the natural logarithm.
• ℇ : the Eulerâ€"Mascheroni constant.

Computing codes

¹ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

In British Sign Language (BSL), the letter 'e' is signed by extending the index finger of the right hand touching the tip of index on the left hand, with all fingers of left hand open.

References

External links

• Media related to E at Wikimedia Commons
• The dictionary definition of E at Wiktionary
• The dictionary definition of e at Wiktionary

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